-
1 Otto, Nikolaus August
[br]b. 10 June 1832 Holzhausen, Nassau (now in Germany)d. 26 January 1891 Cologne, Germany[br]German engineer, developer of the four-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Otto's involvement in internal combustion engines was first prompted by his interest in Lenoir's coal-gas engine of 1860. He built his first engine in 1861; in 1864, Otto's engine came to the attention of Eugen Langen, who arranged for the capital to set up the world's first engine company, N.A.Otto and Company, in Cologne. In 1867 the Otto- Langen free-piston internal combustion engine was exhibited at the Paris Exposition, where it won the gold medal. The company continued to expand, and five years after the Paris triumph its name was changed to the Gasmotoren Fabrik; amongst Otto's colleagues at this time were Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach .Otto is most famous for the development of the four-stroke cycle which was to bear his name. He patented his version of this in 1876, although the principle of the four-stroke cycle had been patented by Alphonse Beau de Rochas fourteen years previously; Otto was the first, however, to put the principle into practice with the "Otto Silent Engine". Many thousands of Otto fourstroke engines had already been built by 1886, when a German patent lawyer successfully claimed that Otto had infringed the Beau de Rochas patent, and Otto's patent was declared invalid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMédaille d'or, Paris Exposition 1867 (for the Otto-Langen engine).Further Reading1989, History of the Internal Combustion Engine, Detroit: Society of Automotive Engineers.I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London and New York: Routledge, 306–7.IMcN -
2 Bosch, Robert August
[br]b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germanyd. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany[br]German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.[br]Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.[br]Further ReadingT.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.JB -
3 Barsanti, Eugenio
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1821 Italyd. 1864 Liège, Belgium[br]Italian co-inventor of the internal combustion engine; lecturer in mechanics and hydraulics.[br]A trained scientist and engineer, Barsanti became acquainted with a distinguished engineer, Felice Matteucci, in 1851. Their combined talents enabled them to produce a number of so-called free-piston atmospheric engines from 1854 onwards. Using a principle demonstrated by the Swiss engineer Isaac de Rivaz in 1827, the troublesome explosive shocks encountered by other pioneers were avoided. A piston attached to a long toothed rack was propelled from beneath by the expansion of burning gas and allowed unrestricted movement. A resulting partial vacuum enabled atmospheric pressure to return the piston and produce the working stroke. Electric ignition was a feature of all the Italian engines.With many successful applications, a company was formed in 1860. A 20 hp (15 kW) engine stimulated much interest. Attempts by John Cockerill of Belgium to mass-produce small power units of up to 4 hp (3 kW) came to an abrupt end; during the negotiations Barsanti contracted typhoid fever and later died. The project was abandoned, but the working principle of the Italian engine was used successfully in the Otto-Langen engine of 1867.[br]Bibliography13 May 1854, British Provisional Patent no. 1,072 (the Barsanti and Matteucci engine).12 June 1857, British patent no. 1,655 (contained many notable improvements to the design).Further ReadingThe Engineer (1858) 5:73–4 (for an account of the Italian engine).Vincenzo Vannacci, 1955, L'invenzione del motore a scoppio realizzota dai toscani Barsanti e Matteucci 1854–1954, Florence.KAB -
4 Automotive engineering
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMorris, William Richard -
5 Steam and internal combustion engines
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Giffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesHamilton, Harold LeePorta, Giovanni Battista dellaBiographical history of technology > Steam and internal combustion engines
См. также в других словарях:
Otto, Nikolaus August — born June 10, 1832, Holzhausen, Nassau died Jan. 26, 1891, Cologne, Ger. German engineer who developed the four stroke internal combustion engine. He built his first gasoline powered engine in 1861, and in 1876 he built an internal combustion… … Universalium
Otto, Nikolaus August — (10 jun. 1832, Holzhausen, Nassau, Alemania–26 ene. 1891, Colonia). Ingeniero alemán que desarrolló el motor de combustión interna de cuatro tiempos. En 1861 construyó su primer motor alimentado con gasolina y en 1876 fabricó un motor de… … Enciclopedia Universal
Nikolaus August Otto — Nikolaus Otto Nikolaus Otto Naissance 14 juin 1832 Holzhausen Décès 28 janvi … Wikipédia en Français
Nikolaus August Otto — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Η Gaskraftmaschine του 1876 … Wikipedia Español
Nikolaus August Otto — (1832 1891) var en tysk ingeniør som opfandt 4 takts forbrændingsmotoren, det første alternativ til dampmaskinen. Ottos motor muliggjorde konstruktion af automobiler, motorbåde, motorcykler og fly … Danske encyklopædi
Nikolaus August Otto — Nicolaus August Otto Nicolaus August Otto (* 10. Juni 1832[1] in Holzhausen an der Haide/Taunus; † 26. Januar 1891 in Köln) war ein Autodidakt und der Erfinder des nach ihm benannten Ottomotors. Er absolvierte nie ein Hoc … Deutsch Wikipedia
Nikolaus Otto — Naissance 14 juin 1832 Holzhausen Décès 28 janvier … Wikipédia en Français
Otto-Motor — Leistungsstarker Ottomotor: DTM V6 Rennmotor von 1996. Der Ottomotor ist ein nach Nikolaus August Otto benannter Verbrennungsmotor, bei dem der Kraftstoff während des Ansaugvorganges in die angesaugte Luft eingebracht wird, was ein zündfähiges… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Otto-Motoren — Leistungsstarker Ottomotor: DTM V6 Rennmotor von 1996. Der Ottomotor ist ein nach Nikolaus August Otto benannter Verbrennungsmotor, bei dem der Kraftstoff während des Ansaugvorganges in die angesaugte Luft eingebracht wird, was ein zündfähiges… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Otto — Debido al alemán Nikolaus August Otto que adoptó las ideas de Alphonse Beau de Rochas, quien, en 1862, propuso un ciclo de cuatro tiempos para solucionar el problema de falta de potencia de los motores de explosión. Otto fabricó eficientes… … Enciclopedia Universal
otto — /ot oh/, n. attar (def. 1). * * * (as used in expressions) Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold prince von Dix Otto Graham Otto Everett Jr. Hahn Otto Jansen Cornelius Otto Jespersen Jens Otto Harry Klemperer Otto Kuusinen Otto Vilhelm Liman von Sanders… … Universalium
